Ahmad, F. B., Rossen, L. M., & Sutton, P. (2021). Provisional drug overdose death counts. National Center for Health Statistics. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/vsrr/drug-overdose-data.htm

Ahmad, F. G., Rossen, L. M., Spencer, M. R., Warner, M., & Sutton, P. (2018). Provisional drug overdose death counts. National Center for Health Statistics. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/vsrr/drug-overdose-data.htm

Ahmadi, J., Jahromi, M. S., & Ehsaei, Z. (2018). The effectiveness of different singly administered high doses of buprenorphine in reducing suicidal ideation in acutely depressed people with co-morbid opiate dependence: A randomized, double-blind, clinical trial. Trials, 19(1), 462. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-018-2843-9

Alexander, G. C., Stoller, K. B., Haffajee, R. L., & Saloner, B. (2020). An epidemic in the midst of a pandemic: Opioid use disorder and Covid-19. Annals of Internal Medicine, 173(1), 57–58. https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-1141

Alter, A., & Yeager, C. (2020). The consequences of Covid-19 on the overdose epidemic: Overdoses are increasing. Overdose Detection Mapping Application Program. http://www.odmap.org/Content/docs/news/2020/ODMAP-Report-May-2020.pdf

American Association for the Treatment of Opioid Dependence. (n.d.). Frequently asked questions. http://www.aatod.org/resources/frequently-asked-questions/

American Psychiatric Association. (2003a). Practice guideline for the assessment and treatment of patients with suicidal behaviors. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(11 Suppl), 1–60.

American Psychiatric Association. (2003b). Practice guideline for the assessment and treatment of suicidal behaviors. American Psychiatric Association, Work Group on Suicidal Behaviors. https://psychiatryonline.org/pb/assets/raw/sitewide/practice_guidelines/guidelines/suicide.pdf

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (Fifth Edition). American Psychiatric Association. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596

Anbalagan, S., & Mendez, M. D. (2021). Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome. StatPearls Publishing. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551498/

Anderson, P. (2018). Opioid prevalence in suicide victims skyrockets. Medscape Medical News. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/896334

Andrilla, C. H. A., Coulthard, C., & Larson, E. H. (2017). Barriers rural physicians face prescribing buprenorphine for opioid use disorder. The Annals of Family Medicine, 15(4), 359–362. https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.2099

Annual surveillance report of drug-related risks and outcomes. (2018). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/pdf/pubs/2018-cdc-drug-surveillance-report.pdf

Barocas, J. A., Wang, J., Marshall, B. D. L., LaRochelle, M. R., Bettano, A., Bernson, D., Beckwith, C. G., Linas, B. P., & Walley, A. Y. (2019). Sociodemographic factors and social determinants associated with toxicology confirmed polysubstance opioid-related deaths. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 200, 59–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.03.014

Bebinger, M. (2018, September 27). VA adding opioid antidote to defibrillator cabinets for quicker overdose response. National Public Radio. https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/09/27/650639122/va-adding-opioid-antidote-to-defibrillator-cabinets-for-quicker-overdose-respons

Becker, D. (2020, May 21). The pandemic has changed addiction treatment, some hope for good. WBUR. https://www.wbur.org/commonhealth/2020/05/21/coronavirus-addiction-treatment-changes

Becker, W. C., & Fiellin, D. A. (2020). When epidemics collide: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the opioid crisis. Annals of Internal Medicine, 173(1), 59–60. https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-1210

Becker, W. C., Fraenkel, L., Edelman, J. E., Holt, S. R., Glover, J., Kerns, R. D., & Fiellin, D. A. (2013). Instruments to assess patient-reported safety, efficacy, or misuse of current opioid therapy for chronic pain: A systematic review: Pain, 154(6), 905–916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2013.02.031

Blanco, C., Iza, M., Schwartz, R. P., Rafful, C., Wang, S., & Olfson, M. (2013). Probability and predictors of treatment-seeking for prescription opioid use disorders: A National Study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 131(1–2), 143–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.12.013

Bohnert, K. M., Ilgen, M. A., Louzon, S., McCarthy, J. F., & Katz, I. R. (2017). Substance use disorders and the risk of suicide mortality among men and women in the US Veterans Health Administration: Substance use disorders and suicide. Addiction, 112(7), 1193–1201. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13774

Braden, J. B., Edlund, M. J., & Sullivan, M. D. (2017). Suicide deaths with opioid poisoning in the United States: 1999–2014. American Journal of Public Health, 107(3), 421–426. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303591

Brent, D. A., Hur, K., & Gibbons, R. D. (2019). Association between parental medical claims for opioid prescriptions and risk of suicide attempt by their children. JAMA Psychiatry, 76(9), 941. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0940

Brown, C. (2020, May 29). SouthCoast doctors say telemedicine has proven its worth, hope it will continue. SouthCoast Today. https://www.southcoasttoday.com/news/20200528/southcoast-doctors-say-telemedicine-has-proven-its-worth-hope-it-will-continue

Butler, S. F., Budman, S. H., Fanciullo, G. J., & Jamison, R. N. (2010). Cross validation of the current opioid misuse measure to monitor chronic pain patients on opioid therapy. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 26(9), 770–776. https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e3181f195ba

Butler, S. F., Budman, S. H., Fernandez, K. C., Houle, B., Benoit, C., Katz, N., & Jamison, R. N. (2007). Development and validation of the current opioid misuse measure. Pain, 130(1), 144–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2007.01.014

Butler, S. F., Fernandez, K., Benoit, C., Budman, S. H., & Jamison, R. N. (2008). Validation of the revised Screener and Opioid Assessment for Patients with Pain (SOAPP-R). The Journal of Pain, 9(4), 360–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2007.11.014

Caupp, S., Steffan, J., Shi, J., Wheeler, K. K., Spiller, H. A., Casavant, M. J., & Xiang, H. (2018). Opioid drug poisonings in Ohio adolescents and young adults, 2002–2014. Clinical Toxicology, 56(8), 765–772. https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2018.1424889

Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality & Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2017). Results from the 2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Detailed tables. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-DetTabs-2016/NSDUH-DetTabs-2016.htm

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.-a). Synthetic opioid overdose data. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/data/fentanyl.html

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.-b). Understanding the epidemic. https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/epidemic/index.html

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). 2019 annual surveillance report of drug-related risks and outcomes—United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/pdf/pubs/2019-cdc-drug-surveillance-report.pdf

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Opioid Data Analysis and Resources. https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/data/analysis.html

Chan, E. Y. L., McDonald, B. M., Brooks-Lim, E., Jones, G. R., Klein, K. B., & Svenson, L. W. (2018). At-a-glance: The role of opioid toxicity in suicide deaths in Alberta, 2000 to 2016. Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada, 38(9), 343–347. https://doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.38.9.07

Cheatle, M. D. (2011). Depression, chronic pain, and suicide by overdose: On the edge. Pain Medicine, 12(suppl 2), S43–S48. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2011.01131.x

Cheatle, M. D. (2015). Prescription opioid misuse, abuse, morbidity, and mortality: Balancing effective pain management and safety. Pain Medicine, 16(suppl 1), S3–S8. https://doi.org/10.1111/pme.12904

Chen, I., Kurz, J., Pasanen, M., Faselis, C., Panda, M., Staton, L. J., O’Rorke, J., Menon, M., Genao, I., Wood, J., Mechaber, A. J., Rosenberg, E., Carey, T., Calleson, D., & Cykert, S. (2005). Racial differences in opioid use for chronic nonmalignant pain. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 20(7), 593–598. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1497.2005.0106.x

Chou, R., Fanciullo, G. J., Fine, P. G., Adler, J. A., Ballantyne, J. C., Davies, P., Donovan, M. I., Fishbain, D. A., Foley, K. M., Fudin, J., Gilson, A. M., Kelter, A., Mauskop, A., O’Connor, P. G., Passik, S. D., Pasternak, G. W., Portenoy, R. K., Rich, B. A., Roberts, R. G., … Miaskowski, C. (2009). Clinical guidelines for the use of chronic opioid therapy in chronic noncancer pain. The Journal of Pain, 10(2), 113-130.e22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2008.10.008

Cohen, S. P., Baber, Z. B., Buvanendran, A., McLean, B. C., Chen, Y., Hooten, W. M., Laker, S. R., Wasan, A. D., Kennedy, D. J., Sandbrink, F., King, S. A., Fowler, I. M., Stojanovic, M. P., Hayek, S. M., & Phillips, C. R. (2020). Pain management best practices from multispecialty organizations during the Covid-19 pandemic and public health crises. Pain Medicine, 21(7), 1331–1346. https://doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnaa127

Committee on Education and the Workforce. (2017, November 3). Close to home: How opioids are impacting families, jobs, communities, and the economy. E&W Blog. https://edworkforce.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=402081

Conner, K. R., Britton, P. C., Sworts, L. M., & Joiner, T. E. (2007). Suicide attempts among individuals with opiate dependence: The critical role of belonging. Addictive Behaviors, 32(7), 1395–1404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.09.012

Crawford, C. (2017). Overcoming barriers to opioid treatment takes center stage. https://www.aafp.org/news/health-of-the-public/20170811opioidsstudy.html

Czeisler, M. E., Lane, R. I., Petrosky, E., Wiley, J. F., Christensen, A., Njai, R., Weaver, M. D., Robbins, R., Facer-Childs, E. R., Barger, L. K., Czeisler, C. A., Howard, M. E., & Rajaratnam, S. M. W. (2020). Mental health, substance use, and suicidal ideation during the COVID-19 pandemic—United States, June 24–30, 2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(32), 1049–1057.

Darke, S., & Ross, J. (2002). Suicide among heroin users: Rates, risk factors and methods. Addiction, 97(11), 1383–1394. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00214.x

Darke, S., Ross, J., Williamson, A., Mills, K. L., Havard, A., & Teesson, M. (2007). Patterns and correlates of attempted suicide by heroin users over a 3-year period: Findings from the Australian treatment outcome study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 87(2–3), 146–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.08.010

Davis, C. S., & Samuels, E. A. (2020). Opioid policy changes during the Covid-19 pandemic—And beyond. Journal of Addiction Medicine, Publish Ahead of Print. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000679

Dazzi, T., Gribble, R., Wessely, S., & Fear, N. T. (2014). Does asking about suicide and related behaviours induce suicidal ideation? What is the evidence? Psychological Medicine, 44(16), 3361–3363. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291714001299

Dotinga, R. (2020, June 7). High rate of stimulant use in opioid ED cases. Medscape Medical News. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/933527

Dubey, M. J., Ghosh, R., Chatterjee, S., Biswas, P., Chatterjee, S., & Dubey, S. (2020). COVID-19 and addiction. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 14(5), 817–823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.06.008

Dunlop, A., Lokuge, B., Masters, D., Sequeira, M., Saul, P., Dunlop, G., Ryan, J., Hall, M., Ezard, N., Haber, P., Lintzeris, N., & Maher, L. (2020). Challenges in maintaining treatment services for people who use drugs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Harm Reduction Journal, 17(1), 26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-020-00370-7

Dunn, K. E., Barrett, F. S., Fingerhood, M., & Bigelow, G. E. (2016). Opioid overdose history, risk behaviors, and knowledge in patients taking prescribed opioids for chronic pain. Pain Medicine, pnw228. https://doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnw228

Dutra, L., Stathopoulou, G., Basden, S. L., Leyro, T. M., Powers, M. B., & Otto, M. W. (2008). A meta-analytic review of psychosocial interventions for substance use disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165(2), 179–187. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.06111851

Ehley, B. (2020, July 15). Fatal overdoses climbed to record high in 2019, reversing historic progress. Politico. https://www.politico.com/news/2020/07/15/drug-overdoses-record-high-363719

Eilender, P., Ketchen, B., Maremmani, I., Saenger, M., & Fareed, A. (2016). Treatment approaches for patients with opioid use disorder and chronic noncancer pain: A literature review. Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment, 15(2), 85–98. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADT.0000000000000078

Farber, S. (2020, July 2). The pain management revolution amid coronavirus and the opioid crisis. ABC News. https://abcnews.go.com/Health/pain-management-revolution/story?id=71554778

Federal Communications Commission. (2020, July 16). FCC designates ‘988’ as 3-digit number for National Suicide Prevention Hotline. https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/doc-365563a1.pdf

Fleming, A. R. (2018, July 3). Opioids’ other victims: Family members suffer collateral damage as they witness loved ones’ struggles with addiction. The Washington Post, E3, E6.

Ford, J. A., & Rigg, K. K. (2015). Racial/ethnic differences in factors that place adolescents at risk for prescription opioid misuse. Prevention Science, 16(5), 633–641. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-014-0514-y

Friedan, J. (2018, December 20). HHS recommends co-prescribing naloxone with opioids. Medpage Today. https://www.medpagetoday.com/psychiatry/opioids/77062

Gaither, J. R., Shabanova, V., & Leventhal, J. M. (2018). US national trends in pediatric deaths from prescription and illicit opioids, 1999-2016. JAMA Network Open, 1(8), e186558. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.6558

Gee, G. C., Delva, J., & Takeuchi, D. T. (2007). Relationships between self-reported unfair treatment and prescription medication use, illicit drug use, and alcohol dependence among Filipino Americans. American Journal of Public Health, 97(5), 933–940. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2005.075739

Griesler, P. C., Hu, M.-C., Wall, M. M., & Kandel, D. B. (2019). Nonmedical prescription opioid use by parents and adolescents in the US. Pediatrics, 143(3), e20182354. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-2354

Guidelines for prescribing opioids for chronic pain. (n.d.). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/pdf/Guidelines_Factsheet-a.pdf

Guy, G. P., Haegerich, T. M., Evans, M. E., Losby, J. L., Young, R., & Jones, C. M. (2019). Vital signs: Pharmacy-based naloxone dispensing—United States, 2012–2018. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 68(31), 679–686. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6831e1

Haight, S. C., Ko, J. Y., Tong, V. T., Bohm, M. K., & Callaghan, W. M. (2018). Opioid use disorder documented at delivery hospitalization—United States, 1999–2014. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 67(31), 845–849. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6731a1

Haynes, J. (2020, July 7). COVID-19 pandemic brings changes for addiction treatment. Havelock News. https://www.havenews.com/news/20200707/covid-19-pandemic-brings-changes-for-addiction-treatment

Hedegaard, H., Miniño, A. M., & Warner, M. (2020). Drug overdose deaths in the United States: 1999-2018 (No. 356; NCHS Data Brief). National Center for Health Statistics. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db356-h.pdf

Hedegaard, H., Warner, M., & Miniño, A. M. (2017). Drug overdose deaths in the United States: 1999-2016 (No. 294; NCHS Data Brief). National Center for Health Statistics. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db294.pdf

Heins, J. K., Heins, A., Grammas, M., Costello, M., Huang, K., & Mishra, S. (2006). Disparities in analgesia and opioid prescribing practices for patients with musculoskeletal pain in the emergency department. Journal of Emergency Nursing, 32(3), 219–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jen.2006.01.010

Henry, B. F., Mandavia, A. D., Paschen-Wolff, M. M., Hunt, T., Humensky, J. L., Wu, E., Pincus, H. A., Nunes, E. V., Levin, F. R., & El-Bassel, N. (2020). COVID-19, mental health, and opioid use disorder: Old and new public health crises intertwine. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(S1), S111–S112. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000660

Hudgins, J. D., Porter, J. J., Monuteaux, M. C., & Bourgeois, F. T. (2019). Prescription opioid use and misuse among adolescents and young adults in the United States: A national survey study. PLOS Medicine, 16(11), e1002922. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002922

Humeniuk, R., Ali, R., Babor, T. F., Farrell, M., Formigoni, M. L., Jittiwutikarn, J., de Lacerda, R. B., Ling, W., Marsden, J., Monteiro, M., Nhiwatiwa, S., Pal, H., Poznyak, V., & Simon, S. (2008). Validation of the alcohol, smoking and substance involvement screening test (ASSIST). Addiction, 103(6), 1039–1047. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.02114.x

Ilgen, M. A., Bohnert, A. S. B., Ganoczy, D., Bair, M. J., McCarthy, J. F., & Blow, F. C. (2016). Opioid dose and risk of suicide. PAIN, 157(5), 1079–1084. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000484

Ilgen, M. A., Kleinberg, F., Ignacio, R. V., Bohnert, A. S. B., Valenstein, M., McCarthy, J. F., Blow, F. C., & Katz, I. R. (2013). Noncancer pain conditions and risk of suicide. JAMA Psychiatry, 70(7), 692. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.908

Issue brief: Reports of increases in opioid-related overdose and other concerns during COVID pandemic. (2020). American Medical Association, Advocacy Resource Center. https://www.ama-assn.org/system/files/2020-07/issue-brief-increases-in-opioid-related-overdose.pdf

Johnson, C. K. (2020, July 15). New peak of 71K US overdose deaths in 2019 dashes hopes. ABC News. https://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/peak-71k-us-overdose-deaths-2019-dashes-hopes-71801606

Johnson, E. M., Lanier, W. A., Merrill, R. M., Crook, J., Porucznik, C. A., Rolfs, R. T., & Sauer, B. (2013). Unintentional prescription opioid-related overdose deaths: Description of decedents by next of kin or best contact, Utah, 2008–2009. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 28(4), 522–529. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-012-2225-z

Kane, J. M., Colvin, J. D., Bartlett, A. H., & Hall, M. (2018). Opioid-related critical care resource use in US children’s hospitals. Pediatrics, 141(4), e20173335. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-3335

Kaye, A. D., Jones, M. R., Kaye, A. M., Ripoll, J. G., Galan, V., Beakley, B. D., Calixto, F., Bolden, J. L., Urman, R. D., & Manchikanti, L. (2017). Prescription opioid abuse in chronic pain: An updated review of opioid abuse predictors and strategies to curb opioid abuse: Part 1. Pain Physician, 20(2S), S93–S109.

Kerridge, B. T., Saha, T. D., Chou, S. P., Zhang, H., Jung, J., Ruan, W. J., Smith, S. M., Huang, B., & Hasin, D. S. (2015). Gender and nonmedical prescription opioid use and DSM-5 nonmedical prescription opioid use disorder: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions – III. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 156, 47–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.08.026

Khatri, U. G., & Perrone, J. (2020). Opioid use disorder and Covid-19: Crashing of the crises. Journal of Addiction Medicine, Publish Ahead of Print. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000684

Kiang, M. V., Basu, S., Chen, J., & Alexander, M. J. (2019). Assessment of changes in the geographical distribution of opioid-related mortality across the United States by opioid type, 1999-2016. JAMA Network Open, 2(2), e190040. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.0040

Knudsen, H. K., Abraham, A. J., & Roman, P. M. (2011). Adoption and implementation of medications in addiction treatment programs. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 5(1), 21–27. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0b013e3181d41ddb

Kuramoto, S. J., Chilcoat, H. D., Ko, J., & Martins, S. S. (2012). Suicidal ideation and suicide attempt across stages of nonmedical prescription opioid use and presence of prescription opioid disorders among U.S. adults. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 73(2), 178–184. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2012.73.178

Laff, M. (2017). Medicaid is crucial lifeline for addiction treatment, say panelists. American Academy of Family Physicians. https://www.aafp.org/news/health-of-the-public/20170707opioidsummit.html

Lembke, A., & Chen, J. H. (2016). Use of opioid agonist therapy for Medicare patients in 2013. JAMA Psychiatry, 73(9), 990. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.1390

Leppla, I. E., & Gross, M. S. (2020). Optimizing medication treatment of opioid use disorder during Covid-19 (SARS-CoV-2). Journal of Addiction Medicine, Publish Ahead of Print. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000678

Lieber, M. (2018, March 5). Opioid overdose among children nearly doubles, study says. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2018/03/05/health/opioid-overdose-children-doubles-study/index.html

Lyles, A. (2018). Autopsy recharacterizes many cardiac arrest-deaths – Autopsy revised cause of death for nearly half, with many hidden overdoses. Medpage Today. https://www.medpagetoday.com/cardiology/arrhythmias/73605

Mack, K. A., Jones, C. M., & Ballesteros, M. F. (2017). Illicit drug use, illicit drug use disorders, and drug overdose deaths in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas—United States. MMWR. Surveillance Summaries, 66(19), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss6619a1

Madadi, P., Hildebrandt, D., Lauwers, A. E., & Koren, G. (2013). Characteristics of opioid-users whose death was related to opioid-toxicity: A population-based study in Ontario, Canada. PLoS ONE, 8(4), e60600. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0060600

Maloney, E., Degenhardt, L., Darke, S., & Nelson, E. C. (2009). Are non-fatal opioid overdoses misclassified suicide attempts? Comparing the associated correlates. Addictive Behaviors, 34(9), 723–729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.04.011

Marchand, K., Palis, H., Fikowski, J., Harrison, S., Spittal, P., Schechter, M. T., & Oviedo-Joekes, E. (2017). The role of gender in suicidal ideation among long-term opioid users. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 62(7), 465–472. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743717711173

Massachusetts Substance Use Helpline. (n.d.). The good samaritan law in Massachusetts. https://helplinema.org/2017/01/31/the-good-samaritan-law-in-massachusetts/

McCaffrey, S. A., Black, R. A., Villapiano, A. J., Jamison, R. N., & Butler, S. F. (2019). Development of a brief version of the Current Opioid Misuse Measure (COMM): The COMM-9. Pain Medicine, 20(1), 113–118. https://doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnx311

McCall, J., Brusoski, M., & Rosen, D. (2017). Research with older adult methadone clients: The importance of monitoring suicide ideation. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 60(6–7), 458–470. https://doi.org/10.1080/01634372.2017.1328479

Meltzer, E. C., Rybin, D., Saitz, R., Samet, J. H., Schwartz, S. L., Butler, S. F., & Liebschutz, J. M. (2011). Identifying prescription opioid use disorder in primary care: Diagnostic characteristics of the Current Opioid Misuse Measure (COMM): Pain, 152(2), 397–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2010.11.006

Muhuri, P. K., Gfroerer, J. C., & Davies, M. C. (2013). Associations of Nonmedical Pain Reliever Use and Initiation of Heroin Use in the United States. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/DR006/DR006/nonmedical-pain-reliever-use-2013.htm

Mundt, J. C., Greist, J. H., Jefferson, J. W., Federico, M., Mann, J. J., & Posner, K. (2013). Prediction of suicidal behavior in clinical research by lifetime suicidal ideation and behavior ascertained by the electronic Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 74(09), 887–893. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.13m08398

National Institute on Drug Abuse. (n.d.). Opioid overdose crisis. https://www.drugabuse.gov/drug-topics/opioids/opioid-overdose-crisis

National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2012). Resource guide: Screening for drug use in general medical settings. https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/resource-guide-screening-drug-use-in-general-medical-settings

National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2017). Naloxone for opioid overdose: Life-saving science. https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/naloxone-opioid-overdose-life-saving-science/naloxone-opioid-overdose-life-saving-science

National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2018a). Opioid overdose reversal with naloxone. https://www.drugabuse.gov/drug-topics/opioids/opioid-overdose-reversal-naloxone-narcan-evzio

National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2018b, April). Overdose death rates. https://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates

National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2018c). Medications to treat opioid use disorder. https://www.drugabuse.gov/download/21349/medications-to-treat-opioid-use-disorder-research-report.pdf?v=35c0b9b1c4a60e5322b0a43796611cf7

National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2018d). What is the scope of heroin use in the United States? https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/heroin/scope-heroin-use-in-united-states

National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2018e, June 7). Prescription opioids. https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/prescription-opioids

National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2019). Drug Facts: Heroin. https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/heroin

National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020a). Substance Use and Co-Occurring Mental Disorders. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/substance-use-and-mental-health/

National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020b, March 10). Overdose death rates. https://www.drugabuse.gov/drug-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates

National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020c). Common comorbidities with substance use disorders research report. https://www.drugabuse.gov/download/1155/common-comorbidities-substance-use-disorders-research-report.pdf

National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020d, April). Massachusetts: Opioid-involved deaths and related harms. https://www.drugabuse.gov/drug-topics/opioids/opioid-summaries-by-state/massachusetts-opioid-involved-deaths-related-harms#:~:text=In%20Massachusetts%2C%20about%2088%25%20of,of%204.7)%20deaths%20in%202018.

Olsen, Y., & Sharfstein, J. M. (2014). Confronting the stigma of opioid use disorder—And its treatment. JAMA, 311(14), 1393. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.2147

Opioid overdose. (n.d.). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/index.html

Oquendo, M. A., & Volkow, N. D. (2018). Suicide: A silent contributor to opioid-overdose deaths. New England Journal of Medicine, 378(17), 1567–1569. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1801417

Overdose Detection Mapping Application Program. (n.d.). Helping communities respond effectively to overdoses. http://www.odmap.org/Content/docs/training/general-info/ODMAP-Fact-Sheet.pdf

Peahl, A. F., Dalton, V. K., Montgomery, J. R., Lai, Y.-L., Hu, H. M., & Waljee, J. F. (2019). Rates of new persistent opioid use after vaginal or cesarean birth among US women. JAMA Network Open, 2(7), e197863. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.7863

Pletcher, M. J., Kertesz, S. G., Kohn, M. A., & Gonzales, R. (2008). Trends in opioid prescribing by race/ethnicity for patients seeking care in US emergency departments. JAMA, 299(1). https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2007.64

Posner, K., Brent, D. A., Gould, M. S., Stanley, B., Brown, G. K., Fisher, P., Zelazny, J., Burke, A. K., Oquendo, M. A., & Mann, J. J. (2008a). Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS). http://cssrs.columbia.edu/the-columbia-scale-c-ssrs/cssrs-for-research/

Posner, K., Brent, D. A., Gould, M. S., Stanley, B., Brown, G. K., Fisher, P., Zelazny, J., Burke, A. K., Oquendo, M. A., & Mann, J. J. (2008b). Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS): Screen version. http://cssrs.columbia.edu/the-columbia-scale-c-ssrs/cssrs-for-research/

Posner, K., Brown, G. K., Stanley, B., Brent, D. A., Yershova, K. V., Oquendo, M. A., Currier, G. W., Melvin, G. A., Greenhill, L., Shen, S., & Mann, J. J. (2011). The Columbia–Suicide Severity Rating Scale: Initial validity and internal consistency findings from three multisite studies with adolescents and adults. American Journal of Psychiatry, 168(12), 1266–1277. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10111704

Practice guidelines for the psychiatric evaluation of adults. (2015). In American Psychiatric Association, The American Psychiatric Association Practice Guidelines for the Psychiatric Evaluation of Adults (Third Edition). American Psychiatric Association. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890426760.pe02

Quinn, P. D., Hur, K., Chang, Z., Krebs, E. E., Bair, M. J., Scott, E. L., Rickert, M. E., Gibbons, R. D., Kroenke, K., & DʼOnofrio, B. M. (2017). Incident and long-term opioid therapy among patients with psychiatric conditions and medications: A national study of commercial health care claims. PAIN, 158(1), 140–148. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000730

Ravitz, J. (2018, December 28). Opioids are killing more children and teens, too, study says. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/28/health/pediatric-opioid-deaths-study/index.html

Richmond, L. M. (2018). FDA promotes MAT coverage, new treatments for OUD. Psychiatric News, 53(3), appi.pn.2018.1b7. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2018.1b7

Robeznieks, A. (2018). AMA: Remove barriers to opioid-use disorder treatment. American Medical Association.

Robeznieks, A. (2020). COVID-19 may be worsening opioid crisis, but states can take action. American Medical Association. https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/opioids/covid-19-may-be-worsening-opioid-crisis-states-can-take-action

Robins, E. (1981). The final months: A study of the lives of 134 persons who committed suicide. Oxford University Press.

Rudd, R. A., Aleshire, N., Zibbell, J. E., & Matthew Gladden, R. (2016). Increases in drug and opioid overdose deaths-United States, 2000-2014. American Journal of Transplantation, 16(4), 1323–1327. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.13776

Saha, T. D., Kerridge, B. T., Goldstein, R. B., Chou, S. P., Zhang, H., Jung, J., Pickering, R. P., Ruan, W. J., Smith, S. M., Huang, B., Hasin, D. S., & Grant, B. F. (2016). Nonmedical prescription opioid use and DSM-5 nonmedical prescription opioid use disorder in the United States. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 77(06), 772–780. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.15m10386

Sajid, A., Whiteman, A., Bell, R. L., Greene, M. S., Engleman, E. A., & Chambers, R. A. (2016). Prescription drug monitoring program data tracking of opioid addiction treatment outcomes in integrated dual diagnosis care involving injectable naltrexone: PDMP Tracking Addiction Treatment. The American Journal on Addictions, 25(7), 557–564. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajad.12441

Samuels, E. A., Clark, S. A., Wunsch, C., Keeler, L. A. J., Reddy, N., Vanjani, R., & Wightman, R. S. (2020). Innovation during Covid-19: Improving addiction treatment access. Journal of Addiction Medicine, Publish Ahead of Print. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000685

Sandoe, E., Fry, C. E., & Frank, R. G. (2018, October 2). Policy levers that states can use to improve opioid addiction treatment and address the opioid epidemic. Health Affairs Blog. https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/hblog20180927.51221/full/

Scholl, L., Seth, P., Kariisa, M., Wilson, N., & Baldwin, G. (2018). Drug and opioid-involved overdose deaths—United States, 2013–2017. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 67(5152). https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm675152e1

Serafini, G., Adavastro, G., Canepa, G., De Berardis, D., Valchera, A., Pompili, M., Nasrallah, H., & Amore, M. (2018). The efficacy of buprenorphine in major depression, treatment-resistant depression and suicidal behavior: A systematic review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(8), 2410. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19082410

Seth, P., Scholl, L., Rudd, R. A., & Bacon, S. (2018). Overdose deaths involving opioids, cocaine, and psychostimulants—United States, 2015–2016. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 67(12), 349–358. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6712a1

Shanthanna, H., Strand, N. H., Provenzano, D. A., Lobo, C. A., Eldabe, S., Bhatia, A., Wegener, J., Curtis, K., Cohen, S. P., & Narouze, S. (2020). Caring for patients with pain during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Consensus recommendations from an international expert panel. Anaesthesia, 75(7), 935–944. https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.15076

Silverman, J. J., Galanter, M., Jackson-Triche, M., Jacobs, D. G., Lomax, J. W., Riba, M. B., Tong, L. D., Watkins, K. E., Fochtmann, L. J., Rhoads, R. S., & Yager, J. (2015). The American Psychiatric Association practice guidelines for the psychiatric evaluation of adults. American Journal of Psychiatry, 172(8), 798–802. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.1720501

Sinyor, M., Howlett, A., Cheung, A. H., & Schaffer, A. (2012). Substances used in completed suicide by overdose in Toronto: An observational study of coroner’s data. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 57(3), 184–191. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371205700308

Stone, D. M., Holland, K. M., Bartholow, B., E. Logan, J., LiKamWa McIntosh, W., Trudeau, A., & Rockett, I. R. H. (2017). Deciphering suicide and other manners of death associated with drug intoxication: A Centers for Disease Control and Prevention consultation meeting summary. American Journal of Public Health, 107(8), 1233–1239. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.303863

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (n.d.). Reports and detailed tables from the 2017 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/nsduh/reports-detailed-tables-2017-NSDUH

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2012). Alcohol and drug addiction happens in the best of families…and it hurts. https://store.samhsa.gov/product/Alcohol-and-Drug-Addiction-Happens-in-the-Best-of-Families/SMA12-4159

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2013). Family therapy can help: For people in recovery from mental illness or addiction. https://store.samhsa.gov/product/Family-Therapy-Can-Help-For-People-in-Recovery-From-Mental-Illness-or-Addiction/SMA15-4784

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2015). Substance abuse and suicide: A nexus requiring a public health approach. http://www.sprc.org/resources-programs/substance-use-suicide-nexus-requiring-public-health-approach

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2016). Preventing prescription drug misuse: Understanding who is at risk. https://www.samhsa.gov/capt/tools-learning-resources/preventing-prescription-drug-misuse-understanding-who-risk

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2017). Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2018, June 13). Treatment for substance use disorders. https://www.samhsa.gov/treatment/substance-use-disorders

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2019). Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/cbhsq-reports/NSDUHNationalFindingsReport2018/NSDUHNationalFindingsReport2018.pdf

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2020a). The opioid crisis and the Black/African American population: An urgent issue. https://store.samhsa.gov/product/The-Opioid-Crisis-and-the-Black-African-American-Population-An-Urgent-Issue/PEP20-05-02-001

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2020b). Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2019-nsduh-annual-national-report

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration & Office of the Surgeon General. (2016). Facing addiction in America: The surgeon general’s report on alcohol, drugs, and health. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK424848/

Suicide Assessment Five-Step Evaluation and Triage. (2009). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. https://store.samhsa.gov/product/SAFE-T-Pocket-Card-Suicide-Assessment-Five-Step-Evaluation-and-Triage-for-Clinicians/sma09-4432

Sullivan, A. (2018, February 19). The poison we pick. New York Magazine. http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2018/02/americas-opioid-epidemic.html

The Columbia Lighthouse Project. (2016). http://cssrs.columbia.edu

Timko, C., Schultz, N. R., Cucciare, M. A., Vittorio, L., & Garrison-Diehn, C. (2016). Retention in medication-assisted treatment for opiate dependence: A systematic review. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 35(1), 22–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/10550887.2016.1100960

Tracy, K., & Wallace, S. (2016). Benefits of peer support groups in the treatment of addiction. Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation, Volume 7, 143–154. https://doi.org/10.2147/SAR.S81535

Tseng, Z. H., Olgin, J. E., Vittinghoff, E., Ursell, P. C., Kim, A. S., Sporer, K., Yeh, C., Colburn, B., Clark, N. M., Khan, R., Hart, A. P., & Moffatt, E. (2018). Prospective countywide surveillance and autopsy characterization of sudden cardiac death: Post SCD study. Circulation, 137(25), 2689–2700. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.033427

Turk, D. C., Swanson, K. S., & Gatchel, R. J. (2008). Predicting opioid misuse by chronic pain patients: A systematic review and literature synthesis. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 24(6), 497–508. https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e31816b1070

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). Naloxone: The opioid reversal drug that saves lives: How healthcare providers and patients can better utilize this life-saving drug. https://www.hhs.gov/opioids/sites/default/files/2018-12/naloxone-coprescribing-guidance.pdf

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2018a). SAMHSA’s annual mental health, substance use data provide roadmap for future action. https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2018/09/14/samhsa-annual-mental-health-substance-use-data-provide-roadmap-for-future-action.html

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2018b). HHS recommends prescribing or co-prescribing naloxone for an opioid overdose. https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2018/12/19/hhs-recommends-prescribing-or-co-prescribing-naloxone-to-patients-at-high-risk-for-an-opioid-overdose.html

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2019, May 13). Opioids and Adolescents. https://www.hhs.gov/ash/oah/adolescent-development/substance-use/drugs/opioids/index.html

U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. (2016). Opioid Overdose Education and Naloxone Distribution (OEND) program: Quick reference fact sheet. https://www.pbm.va.gov/PBM/AcademicDetailingService/Documents/OEND_Fact_Sheet.pdf

U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2018). FDA clears mobile medical app to help those with opioid use disorder stay in recovery programs. https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm628091.htm

VanHouten, J. P., Rudd, R. A., Ballesteros, M. F., & Mack, K. A. (2019). Drug overdose deaths among women aged 30–64 years—United States, 1999–2017. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 68(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6801a1

Vigo, D., Patten, S., Pajer, K., Krausz, M., Taylor, S., Rush, B., Raviola, G., Saxena, S., Thornicroft, G., & Yatham, L. N. (2020). Mental health of communities during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 070674372092667. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743720926676

Vingoe, L., Welch, S., Farrell, M., Strang, J., Vingoe, L., Welch, S., Farrell, M., & Strang, J. (1999). Heroin overdose among a treatment sample of injecting drug misusers: Accident or suicidal behaviour? Journal of Substance Use, 4(2), 88–91. https://doi.org/10.3109/14659899909053019

Volkow, N. D. (2020). Collision of the Covid-19 and addiction epidemics. Annals of Internal Medicine, 173(1), 61–62. https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-1212

Voon, P., Karamouzian, M., & Kerr, T. (2017). Chronic pain and opioid misuse: A review of reviews. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 12(1), 36. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13011-017-0120-7

Wan, W., & Long, H. (2020, July 9). Wave of patients strains health field: A tandem toll as U.S. overdoses soar. The Washington Post.

Wang, Q. Q., Kaelber, D. C., Xu, R., & Volkow, N. D. (2020). COVID-19 risk and outcomes in patients with substance use disorders: Analyses from electronic health records in the United States. Molecular Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-020-00880-7

WHO ASSIST Working Group. (2002). The Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST): Development, reliability and feasibility. Addiction, 97(9), 1183–1194. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00185.x

Wide-ranging online data for epidemiologic research (WONDER). (2020). CDC, National Center for Health Statistics. http://wonder.cdc.gov

Wilcox, H. C., Conner, K. R., & Caine, E. D. (2004). Association of alcohol and drug use disorders and completed suicide: An empirical review of cohort studies. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 76, S11–S19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.08.003

Wilkins, N. J., Clayton, H., Jones, C. M., & Brown, M. (2021). Current Prescription Opioid Misuse and Suicide Risk Behaviors Among High School Students. Pediatrics, 147(4), e2020030601. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-030601

Williams, S. C., & Devooght, K. (2017). 5 things to know about the opioid epidemic and its effect on children. Child Trends. https://www.childtrends.org/child-trends-5/5-things-know-opioid-epidemic-effect-children

World Health Organization. (2008). Management of Substance Abuse: The WHO ASSIST project. http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/activities/assist_factsheet_june2006.pdf?ua=1

World Health Organization. (2010). ASSIST: The Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST). www.jstor.org/stable/resrep30105

Wu, L.-T., Zhu, H., & Swartz, M. S. (2016). Treatment utilization among persons with opioid use disorder in the United States. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 169, 117–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.10.015